Introduction to Xorg-7

#### Beyond Linux® From Scratch (System V Edition) - Version r13.0-791

### Chapter 24. Graphical Environments

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# Introduction to Xorg-7

Xorg is a freely redistributable, open-source implementation of the X Window System. This system provides a client/server interface between display hardware (the mouse, keyboard, and video displays) and the desktop environment, while also providing both the windowing infrastructure and a standardized application interface (API).

### Xorg Download and Installation Instructions

Xorg-7.0 introduced a completely auto-tooled, modular build system. With the new modular build system, it is no longer possible to download the entire package in a single file. In fact, there will be well over 100 packages that need to be fetched from the download location. To assist with such a large task, installing Wget-1.25.0 is strongly recommended for downloading the needed files. A complete wget file list is provided for each page that includes multiple packages.

Given the number of packages available, deciding which packages you need to install for your particular setup may seem a bit overwhelming at first. Take a look at this page and this thread to get an idea of what you will need. If you are unsure, you should install all packages at the cost of extra disk space.

### Note

Even if you intend to download only the necessary packages, you should download the wget file lists. The list of files are ordered by dependency, and the package versions listed in the files are known to work well with each other. Further, the wget file lists contain comments for specific packages that are deprecated or are not recommended to install. Newer packages are likely intended for the next release of Xorg and have already proved to be incompatible with current versions of software installed in BLFS. The installed size of Xorg can be reduced considerably by installing only the packages that you will need and use, however, the BLFS book cannot account for all dependencies and build options for the individual Xorg packages. The instructions assume that all packages have been built.

Additionally, because of the large number of repetitive commands, you are encouraged to partially automate the build. Instructions have been given that utilize the Sudo-1.9.17p2 package. It is recommended that you use the `:NOPASSWD` configuration option for the user that will be building the xorg packages.

## Setting up the Xorg Build Environment

### Note

The following instructions assume that the shell startup files have been set up as described in The Bash Shell Startup Files.

As with previous releases of the X Window System, it may be desirable to install Xorg into an alternate prefix. This is no longer common practice among Linux distributions. The common installation prefix for Xorg on Linux is `/usr`. There is no standard alternate prefix, nor is there any exception in the current revision of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard for Release 7 of the X Window System. Alan Coopersmith of Sun Microsystems, once stated "At Sun, we were using `/usr/X11` and plan to stick with it." Only the `/opt/*` prefix or the `/usr` prefix adhere to the current FHS guidelines.

The BLFS editors recommend using the `/usr` prefix.

Choose your installation prefix, and set the `XORG_PREFIX` variable with the following command:

    export XORG_PREFIX="<PREFIX>"

Throughout these instructions, you will use the following configure switches for all of the packages. Create the `XORG_CONFIG` variable to use for this parameter substitution:

    export XORG_CONFIG="--prefix=$XORG_PREFIX --sysconfdir=/etc \
        --localstatedir=/var --disable-static"

### Note

We will use `$XORG_CONFIG` in the instructions for many packages belonging to or related to Xorg. These instructions won't work properly with the default behavior of zsh-5.9.1. So if you are using zsh-5.9.1 as the interactive shell and building a package for which the instruction uses this variable, make zsh-5.9.1 behavior expanding `$XORG_CONFIG` same as bash:

    set -o shwordsplit

If you want to make this setting persistent, add this command into the zsh startup file.

Create an `/etc/profile.d/xorg.sh` configuration file containing these variables as the `root` user:

    cat > /etc/profile.d/xorg.sh << EOF
    XORG_PREFIX="$XORG_PREFIX"
    XORG_CONFIG="--prefix=\$XORG_PREFIX --sysconfdir=/etc --localstatedir=/var --disable-static"
    export XORG_PREFIX XORG_CONFIG
    EOF
    chmod 644 /etc/profile.d/xorg.sh

### Note

There is some confusion about the above 'here' document. The backslash in front of the dollar sign is correct. Bash will remove it when creating /etc/profile.d/xorg.sh. However, if you are creating the file with an editor, a copy and paste operation will not remove the backslash. It must then be removed manually.

If you've installed Sudo-1.9.17p2, ensure that `XORG_PREFIX` and `XORG_CONFIG` are available in the sudo environment. As the `root` user, run the following command:

    cat > /etc/sudoers.d/xorg << EOF
    Defaults env_keep += XORG_PREFIX
    Defaults env_keep += XORG_CONFIG
    EOF

## If you are not using the standard Xorg prefix...

### Warning

If you've decided to use the standard `/usr` prefix, you must omit the remainder of this page and continue at util-macros-1.20.2.

If you've decided to not use the standard prefix, be sure to add `$XORG_PREFIX/bin` to your `PATH` environment variable, and `$XORG_PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig` and `$XORG_PREFIX/share/pkgconfig` to your `PKG_CONFIG_PATH` variable. It is also helpful to specify additional search paths for gcc and an include directory for the aclocal program. Issue the following commands as the `root` user:

    cat >> /etc/profile.d/xorg.sh << "EOF"

    pathappend $XORG_PREFIX/bin             PATH
    pathappend $XORG_PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig   PKG_CONFIG_PATH
    pathappend $XORG_PREFIX/share/pkgconfig PKG_CONFIG_PATH

    pathappend $XORG_PREFIX/lib             LIBRARY_PATH
    pathappend $XORG_PREFIX/include         C_INCLUDE_PATH
    pathappend $XORG_PREFIX/include         CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH

    ACLOCAL="aclocal -I $XORG_PREFIX/share/aclocal"

    export PATH PKG_CONFIG_PATH ACLOCAL LIBRARY_PATH C_INCLUDE_PATH CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
    EOF

The script above needs to be activated. Normally it will be automatic at login, but to activate it now, as a regular user, run:

    source /etc/profile.d/xorg.sh

You should also add `$XORG_PREFIX/lib` to the `/etc/ld.so.conf` file. Again, as the `root` user, issue the following command:

    echo "$XORG_PREFIX/lib" >> /etc/ld.so.conf

You should also modify `/etc/man_db.conf`, adding appropriate MANDATORY_MANPATH, MANPATH_MAP, and MANDB_MAP entries following the examples for `/usr/X11R6`. Issue the following command as the `root` user:

    sed -e "s@X11R6/man@X11R6/share/man@g" \
        -e "s@/usr/X11R6@$XORG_PREFIX@g"   \
        -i /etc/man_db.conf

Some applications look for shared files in `/usr/share/X11`. Create a symbolic link to the proper location as the `root` user:

    ln -svf $XORG_PREFIX/share/X11 /usr/share/X11

If building KDE, some cmake files look for Xorg in places other than $XORG_PREFIX. Allow cmake to find Xorg with:

    ln -svf $XORG_PREFIX /usr/X11R6

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